R410A冷凝器性能的仿真

以往通过经验公式法对空调器性能进行仿真,只在局部范围内精度较高,本文通过分段多项式法对替代工质R410A进行了物性计算.仿真结果精度较高,误差小于2%,且适用范围广.     

单机双级滚动活塞式压缩机适宜容积比的探讨

为研究以R410A为工质的两级压缩制冷循环性能,模拟计算两级压缩制冷循环制冷系数随工况和高低压容积比的变化情况,以及不同工况下容积比与中间温度变化的关系。得出结论,在蒸发温度3~9℃,冷凝温度35~50℃范围内,相同蒸发温度和冷凝温度下,容积比越大对应的中间温度越低,当容积比ζ在3/4~4/5之间时,循环制冷系数更为接近最大制冷系数。本研究为合理选择两级压缩高低压容积比、确定最佳运行工况提供指导。     

带有喷气冷却的R32风冷单元式空调机性能实验研究

针对带喷气冷却和不带喷气冷却的R32风冷单元式空调机进行实验研究。研究发现,虽然采用喷气冷却导致系统的冷凝压力较高且系统性能系数降低,但可以有效提高系统制冷量,降低压缩机的排气温度,有效提高系统的可靠性。     

热处理对12Cr2Mo1R耐热钢断裂韧度的影响

本文对12Cr2Mo1R耐热钢板进行了正火+回火处理(NT),然后再进行模拟焊后热处理(SPWHT),研究了这两种状态钢板在不同温度下的J-Δa阻力曲线,并对断裂韧度J0.2BL值进行了分析。研究结果表明,这两种热处理态组织均以贝氏体为主,所含碳化物都由M3C、M2C、M7C3和M23C6组成,其中M代表合金元素Cr、Mo、Mn和Fe或者它们的组合;在相同热处理的状态下,温度越高,断裂韧度值越高;相同温度情况下,正火+回火态12Cr2Mo1R耐热钢表现出较高的断裂韧度,因为其碳化物含量较小,碳化物之间的间距相对较大。     

Experiment and simulation on the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility of keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.

Résumé

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility in keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.     

R11与R134a离心式制冷机组性能比较

从环保、节能、热力性能及装置等方面对化工企业使用的R11与R134a大型离心制冷机组进行比较,并对R134a离心机组在使用过程中的常见问题提出改进建议。     

Extension of the applicable range of the implicit curve-fitting method for refrigerant thermodynamic properties to critical pressure

The method of implicit curve-fitting and explicit-calculation has been used for fast and stable calculations of thermodynamic properties of subcritical refrigerants. In order to extend that method to the critical pressure, a method of sectional implicit curve-fitting and explicit-calculation for refrigerant thermodynamic properties is introduced in this paper. The whole data range is divided into several subsections. The requirements on the continuity of thermodynamic properties and the first order derivative of thermodynamic properties in the intersection points of subsections are indicated, and the methods to meet the requirements are presented. Quadric equations are constructed instead of curve-fitting when no data can be given. With the source data obtained from REFPROP 7.1, explicit fast calculation formulae for thermodynamic properties of R410A, covering the saturated temperature of 213.15–344.51 K and superheat of 0–65 K, are given as an example. The calculation speeds of the formulae of R410A are more than 7000 times faster than those of REFPROP 7.1 while the total mean relative deviation of the fast calculation formulae from REFPROP 7.1 is only 0.04%.     

Effect of bulk lubricant concentration on the excess surface density during R134a pool boiling

This paper investigates the effect that the bulk lubricant concentration has on the non-adiabatic lubricant excess surface density on a roughened, horizontal flat pool-boiling surface. Both pool boiling heat transfer data and lubricant excess surface density data are given for pure R134a and three different mixtures of R134a and a polyolester lubricant (POE). A spectrofluorometer was used to measure the lubricant excess density that was established by the boiling of an R134a/POE lubricant mixture on a test surface. The lubricant is preferentially drawn out of the bulk refrigerant/lubricant mixture by the boiling process and accumulates on the surface in excess of the bulk concentration. The excess lubricant resides in an approximately 40 μm layer on the surface and influences the boiling performance. The lubricant excess surface density measurements were used to modify an existing dimensionless excess surface density parameter so that it is valid for different reduced pressures. The dimensionless parameter is a key component for a refrigerant/lubricant pool-boiling model given in the literature. In support of improving the boiling model, both the excess measurements and heat transfer data are provided for pure R134a and three R134a/lubricant mixtures at 277.6 K. The heat transfer data show that the lubricant excess layer causes an average enhancement of the heat flux of approximately 24% for the 0.5% lubricant mass fraction mixture relative to pure R134a heat fluxes between 5 and 20 kW/m². Conversely, both 1 and 2% lubricant mass fraction mixtures experienced an average degradation of approximately 60% in the heat flux relative to pure R134a heat fluxes between approximately 4 and 20 kW/m². This study is an effort toward generating data to support a boiling model to predict whether lubricants degrade or improve boiling performance.     

CSF－1R部分基因在大肠杆菌中表达、抗融合蛋白血清制备及丝氨酸／苏氨酸磷酸化的初步研究

鼠巨噬细胞集落刺激因子－１受体（ｍＣＳＦ－１Ｒ）部分序列与质粒ｐＧＥＸ－２Ｔ谷胱苷肽转移酶（ＧＳＴ）融合，融合蛋白ＧＳＴ－ＣＤ－Ｐｓｔ（胞浆区），ＧＳＴ－ＣＴｅｒｍ（Ｃ－末端）和ＧＳＴ－ＫＩ（激酶插入区）成功地在大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０９株表达。初步结果指出：（１）ＧＳＴ－融合蛋白在体外激酶分析中可以作为底物；（２）由ＰＫＡ导致的磷酸化可能具有生理学意义；（３）ｍＣＳＦ－１Ｒ被ＣＫＩＩ磷酸化。３２Ｐ标记ＧＳＴ－ＣＤ－Ｐｓｔ的磷酸氨基酸分析证实，ｍＣＳＦ－１Ｒ的胞浆区丝氨酸上被磷酸化，已制备抗ＧＳＴ－ＣＴｅｒｍ，ＧＳＴ－ＫＩ和ＧＳＴ－ＣＤ－Ｐｓｔ兔抗体。抗血清的筛选通过野生型３２Ｄ－ＣＳＦ－１Ｒ转染子免疫沉淀进行。     

汽车空调系统采用工质R407C的性能结构探讨

提出了汽车空调制冷剂对环境的污染问题,并对此具体论述了制冷系统采用混合工质R407C替代氟利昂-22的必要性和可行性,从而根据新工质特性,研究探讨出满足公交车空调冷量要求的空调系统.